Thursday, January 23, 2020
Essay on Social Expectations in Story of an Hour and Sorrowful Woman
Social Expectations and Marriage in The Story of an Hour and A Sorrowful Woman     Marriage does not always bring people happiness they expect. A number of people feel trapped in their own marriages. Mrs. Mallard in Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†and the unnamed protagonist in Gail Godwin’s â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman†are among those who experience such unfortunate. Only one hour in her marriage did Mrs. Mallard feel really happy; that was, bizarrely, when she was told about her husband’s death. For the female protagonist in â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman,†her marriage was a torment. All the time, she suffers from grief and sadness. Both of the women are imprisoned in their own marriages and even more so in their own minds, which eventually lead them to death. Successfully describing their main characters’ developments of feelings, Kate Chopin and Gail Godwin, two authors from two different time periods, undoubtedly point out that the conflict between society and individuals is the cause of the sadness and tragedy of marriage. First of all, through the settings of their stories, both of the authors suggested that social expectations be the real causes of their protagonists’ deaths. In â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman,†the unnamed protagonist has a desirable life. She has a â€Å"durable, receptive, gentle†husband and a â€Å"tender golden three†son (33)[i]. â€Å"He was attuned to her; he understood such things†(33) indicates that her husband always understood her. He is willing to sacrifice his time for her and their family. Mrs. Mallard in â€Å"The Story of an Hour†is in a similar environment. Knowing that she has a heart trouble, â€Å"great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death†(10). Her friends a... ...or them death is freedom. And only through death they are able to escape from their tragedy. The stories invoke so much thought from people. Should a society be more generous to people? Should a society try to understand social groups, individuals, relationships, and values? If a society could do these, there would be less tragedy like such in Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†and Godwin’s â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman.†           WORKS CITED [i] All of the quotations using in this paper are from:        Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour.†The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Mayer. 5th ed.             Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. Pages: 10-12.        Godwin, Gail. â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman.†The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Mayer. 5th ed.             Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. Pages: 33-37.  Essay on Social Expectations in Story of an Hour and Sorrowful Woman Social Expectations and Marriage in The Story of an Hour and A Sorrowful Woman     Marriage does not always bring people happiness they expect. A number of people feel trapped in their own marriages. Mrs. Mallard in Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†and the unnamed protagonist in Gail Godwin’s â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman†are among those who experience such unfortunate. Only one hour in her marriage did Mrs. Mallard feel really happy; that was, bizarrely, when she was told about her husband’s death. For the female protagonist in â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman,†her marriage was a torment. All the time, she suffers from grief and sadness. Both of the women are imprisoned in their own marriages and even more so in their own minds, which eventually lead them to death. Successfully describing their main characters’ developments of feelings, Kate Chopin and Gail Godwin, two authors from two different time periods, undoubtedly point out that the conflict between society and individuals is the cause of the sadness and tragedy of marriage. First of all, through the settings of their stories, both of the authors suggested that social expectations be the real causes of their protagonists’ deaths. In â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman,†the unnamed protagonist has a desirable life. She has a â€Å"durable, receptive, gentle†husband and a â€Å"tender golden three†son (33)[i]. â€Å"He was attuned to her; he understood such things†(33) indicates that her husband always understood her. He is willing to sacrifice his time for her and their family. Mrs. Mallard in â€Å"The Story of an Hour†is in a similar environment. Knowing that she has a heart trouble, â€Å"great care was taken to break to her as gently as possible the news of her husband’s death†(10). Her friends a... ...or them death is freedom. And only through death they are able to escape from their tragedy. The stories invoke so much thought from people. Should a society be more generous to people? Should a society try to understand social groups, individuals, relationships, and values? If a society could do these, there would be less tragedy like such in Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour†and Godwin’s â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman.†           WORKS CITED [i] All of the quotations using in this paper are from:        Chopin, Kate. â€Å"The Story of an Hour.†The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Mayer. 5th ed.             Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. Pages: 10-12.        Godwin, Gail. â€Å"A Sorrowful Woman.†The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Mayer. 5th ed.             Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 1999. Pages: 33-37. Â
Wednesday, January 15, 2020
Concept of Sustainable Development
The concept of sustainable development is based on the rising environmental problems, socio-economic issues to do with poverty and inequality, and concerns about a healthy future for humanity. There is no definitive definition of sustainable development as it is thought of differently by many other people throughout the world. Sustainable Development is founded on the principle that mankind should advance without causing permanent damage to ecosystems and the resources they provide, how these resources are used, the processes that are used to get these resources and who has access to them.All the above stated should be taken into consideration without posing risks to future generations. Sustainable development can be seen as as the connection between environment, society and economy, which is thought of being separate yet connected bodies. The economy is often given priority in policies and the environment is viewed as apart from humans. They are directly linked where the economy is dependent on society and the environment, and society is dependent on, and within the environment. Issues to do with society such as sustainability of communities and the maintenance of cultural diversity are often sidelined.Economics came to be the leading issue of human relations with economic growth, defined by increasing production, as the main priority. Changing the quality of growth, meeting important needs, merging environment and economics in decision making while emphasizing human development, participation in decisions and equality in benefits are things that can be done to eliminate poverty, meet human needs and ensure that all get a fair share of resources. Social justice today and in the future is a key component of the concept of sustainable development. This is seen as the key to humanity’s well-being and, through growth, poverty would be reduced.Most countries have no programs or policies that offer any real hope of narrowing the growing gap between rich and p oor. This has caused damage to the environment which we depend on, with a downward spiral of poverty and environmental degradation. Environmental problems threaten people’s health, livelihoods and lives and threaten future generations. Global prosperity and human well-being can be achieved through increased global trade and industry. Green engineering is designing, building and manufacturing of products and processes including energy utilization and waste production that has the least negative impact on the environment possible.It includes all of the engineering disciplines, and is based off of current engineering design principles. Green Engineering can be defined as environmentally conscious attitudes, values, and principles, combined with science, technology, and engineering practice, all directed toward improving local and global environmental quality. It is usually used when referring to buildings, but it can be used for automobiles, lights or any other sort of system or device that requires engineering. Current design concepts in automobiles that are considered environmentally friendly are hybrid technologies; flex fuel vehicles, and even electricity.Though green engineering is somewhat more expensive, many countries, recognizing the value of this type of engineering by offering tax breaks and other incentives to the people and companies that incorporate its use. Green engineers need to understand how building materials, techniques and other components can be made in an environmentally-friendly way. This may include the use of solar powered appliances, especially water heaters, solar lights or windows and other design elements. Elements outside the building, such as the irrigation system and other landscaping features need to be taken into consideration also.It is likely that in the very near future we will be seeing â€Å"green cities†where cities are constructed to be healthy and environmentally friendly environments thus alleviating iss ues such as poverty in inequality within society. References 1. Abrahammson, K. V. 1997. Paradigms of sustainability. In S. Sorlin, ed. The road towards sustainability, A historical perspective, A sustainable Baltic Region, The Baltic University programme,Uppsalla University, pp. 30-35. 2. Hanna, S. & Munasinghe, M. 1995. eds.Property rights in a social and ecological context, Case study and design apllications, The Beijer International Institute of Ecological Economics and the World Bank, Washington D. C. 3. OECD. 1997. Environmental indicators for agriculture, Paris. 4. Robinson, J. & Tinker, J. 1995. Reconciling ecological, economic and social imperatives: Toward an analytical framework, SDRI Discussion Papers Series, 1995-1, Sustainable Development Institute. Vancouver, Canada. 5. Anastas, P. T. , and Zimmerman, J. B. , â€Å"Design through the Twelve Principles of Green Engineering†, Env. Sci. and Tech. , 37, 5, 94A-101A, 2003.
Monday, January 6, 2020
How Employees Can Be Motivated To Higher Levels Of...
According to history, the notion of compensation for work pre-dates to sometime between 10,000 BC and 1,000 BC during the Neolithic Revolution (Wikipedia). Back then, salt was used as payment till around 560 BC when coins came into circulation and money was invented (Wikipeida). Money became widely used as the payment for labour. To date, money is still the main medium of exchange between employer and employee. In today’s highly competitive market, organisations are often faced with increased competition from both domestic and foreign markets. To be able to stay competitive, attract and retain quality employees, it is imperative that the organisation have a compensation package that is valuable to its employees (Naresh 1998). Although†¦show more content†¦For most employees, base pay constitutes the largest component of their total compensation rewards package. It is given to employees based on time worked and not on any measure of output produced or performance contributions. Benefits are generally the second largest component of the employee compensation rewards package. While certain benefits are statutorily required, the remaining are usually negotiated by the employee unions or provided voluntarily by the organization. Benefits are generally given to employees based on how long they have worked for their present employer. Thus, benefits along with base pay help the organisation to attract and retain employees. The last component of compensation rewards is performance pay which is awarded based on some measure of output produced or performance contributions. For most salaried employees, this is given in the form of merit pay increase which is folded into base pay. Merit pay increases are tied to performance ratings of individual employees but generally bear a weak relationship to the organizations economic performance. With reference to Figure 1 (Lawler 1987), the framework shows that elements in the compensation system, i.e. performance measurement and evaluation, monetary compensation and career concerns links employee performance to their rewards in the form of monetary compensation and promotions. Hence, the framework suggests that rewardsShow MoreRelatedStrategic Compensation: Excellence and Plain Mediocrity1694 Words  | 7 PagesThere is a clear business case for strategic compensation. Well managed rethinking of performance management, rewards and benefits leads to better business results, stronger capability, higher staff retention levels, heightened motivation and employee satisfaction. 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Authors â€Å"Mathis, Jackson, and Valentine (2014) explain that an effective total rewards approach balances theRead MoreThe Determinants Of Employee Performance Essay877 Words  | 4 PagesUnderstanding the determinants of employee’s performance is the key to productivity and employee efficiency enhancement. Perhaps, this explains why some firms consistently achieve better performance than others. Understanding the determinants of employee performance differentials has been subject of a central issue and interest to both researchers and practitioners in the area of strategic human resources (Hawaini, Gabriel and Viallet 2007). Employee Compensation is the same thing as employee reward. WhileRead MoreAdvantages Of The Enterprise And Regulatory Reform1249 Words  | 5 PagesThis essay aims to lay out the advantages and disadvantages of the Enterprise and Regulatory Reform Acts 2013’s affect upon corporate governance, and more specifically, executive compensation. 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The four dimensions of human resource management practices are: Managing The Human Resource Environment, Acquisition and Preparation of Human Resources, Assessment and Development of Human Resources, and Compensation of Human Resources as stated by Noe et al (2010). These four practices help companies deal with the competitive challenges (e.g. global, sustainability and technology) they are faced with. Managing The Human Resource Environment Managing theRead MorePerformance Management : Effective And Efficient Planning1695 Words  | 7 Pages1 Performance management is a management process that brings managers and employees together to work towards an effective and efficient planning, monitoring and reviewing the output of employee using the organization’s goals and objectives as a parameter. It is a management success tool that helps the employees, managers, and the organization to succeed. Performance management makes sure the organization gets what the employer expect from the employees (Mathis Jackson, 2012). Performance ManagementRead MoreH R Block Analysis1625 Words  | 7 Pageswebsite. The term â€Å"compensation†refers to the combination of salaries, wages and benefits an employee receives in exchange for work. A compensation plan should be an incentive for the employee to achieve the company s goals. Compensation can contain hourly wages or an annual salary, bonus payments, incentives and benefits. This may include group health care coverage, short-term disability insurance and contributions to a retirement savings account. A total compensation package has several componentsRead MoreMotivation in a Small Enterprise2464 Words  | 10 PagesMotivation in a Small Enterprise ________________________________________________________________________ INTRODUCTION Employees play a vital role in the success or failure of an organizations plans and strategies. They are considered as one of the most important organizational assets; along with financial, informational, and physical resources (Samson Daft 2011). Therefore, every small and large organization needs to manage this important resource in order to succeed in the marketplace (Griffin
Sunday, December 29, 2019
The Effects Of Traffic Related Air Pollution On Mortality
Cohort Study Submitted by Auguste Aurele Jr. on 1/24/15 Article Citation in APA format: Beelen, R., et al. (2008). Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort (NLCS-AIR Study). Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(2), 196-202. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10767 Research Question: Does traffic-related air pollution affect mortality? The researchers hypothesized that traffic air pollution increases mortality. Health Outcome of Interest: Decrease mortality by decreasing exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Exposure of Interest: Individual aging between 55–69 years of age exposed to traffic air pollution in Netherland which includes black smoke (BS), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter ≠¤ 2.5 ÃŽ ¼m (PM2.5) (Beelen et al,2008). Type of Study This is a retrospective study that assessed the relation between mortality and exposure to air traffic pollution from January 1st, 1987 and December 31, 1996. According to Aschengrau and Sage III( 2014) , in retrospective research, the exposure, as well as the outcomes have already occurred in the past Description/Ascertainment of Cohort: The enrollment of 120,852 subjects 58,279 males and 62,573 females) 55–69years of age living in 204 municipalities located throughout the country. Their addresses were selected with regards to pollution areas as part as a subcohort. The study was designed as a case–cohort study Data Collection at Baseline: At baseline, all participants had toShow MoreRelatedAir Pollution And Its Effects On Health1647 Words  | 7 PagesAir pollution is considered the presence of a harmful substance in the air. â€Å"All aerobic biological system use oxygen as an essential part of their physiological cellular metabolic processes (Valavanidis et. al 2013).†With the inclusion of oxygen within our biological systems come complications. More specifically, air pollution has been deemed hazardous to human health. Air pollution is a complex and abundant mixture of pollutants. The combination of matter includes particulate matter, chemical substanceRead MoreAir Pollution Atlanta Using The Galileo Database991 Words  | 4 PagesResearching the topic of air pollution Atlanta using the Galileo database was easy because there are several filters to narrow down the search. Furthermore, the database contains several non-periodical and peer-reviewed articles related to the topic. Using the criteria outlin ed above, the research selected two peer-reviewed articles from reliable academic sources. The criteria were reliable in selecting six peer-reviewed articles that covered the topic of air pollution in Atlanta comprehensivelyRead MoreRunning Head : Greening Of Cities Are Amazing And Wonderful Place For People1716 Words  | 7 Pagesunprecedented population growth has also brought some serious problems and challenges, including environmental degradation (air, water quality), loss of natural resources and habitats, decreasing of species diversity, and increased human risks associated with heat, noise, pollution and crowding. That means most children are growing up in environments with increasing pollution, intense heat and less access to diverse green spaces. Given these challenges, there is a critical need to find ways to reduceRead MoreAir pollution: A significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in many large cities of the developing world.5088 Words  | 21 Pagesà ¯ » ¿ESSAY TOPIC: Air pollution: A significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in many large cities of the developing world. ABSTRACT Ambient and indoor air pollutants have been a major source of concern all over the world, especially in major cities of developing countries due to increasing need for transportation, industrial development and fuels for household uses by an increasing population of dwellers. These pollutants, which majorly include particulate matter and gaseous pollutantsRead MoreEssay about Air Pollution and Health Disparities1252 Words  | 6 Pageseminent problem is the air pollution we breathe. Who can help amend the air we breathe. In order to improve the quality of the air, people have to be aware of the specific mode of pollution and the effect of it. The traffic-pollution causes affliction and distress to individuals. The reason for this tragedy is due in part by every one of us. High concentration of vehicle exhausts is the main source of air pollution in urban areas. Neighborhoods in proximity to heavy traffic areas can negatively impactRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Infant He alth1468 Words  | 6 PagesThe article asks the impact that air pollution has on infant health. The authors used data from New Jersey in the 1990s as the focus case to explore the answer to the question. This question is important because air pollution could have inflicted irreversible changes to the health and well-being of the next generation. The long-term changes to health could have important implications to the future of the world. Xing and Kolstad conducted a study to determine the relationshipRead MoreAir Pollution Is A Single Largest Environmental Health Risk2028 Words  | 9 PagesAir pollution is the presence in or introduction into the air of a substance in which has harmful or poisonous effects are being exposed into our atmosphere. Air pollution has been ranked as the largest health risk according to The World Health Organization (WHO). This World Health Organization reported that seven million people died in 2012 from air pollution-related sicknesses. From this statistic, this has led us to the proposal that air pollution is a single largest environmental health riskRead MoreAssociation between Long Term Exposure to Urban Air Pollution and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Coronary Heart Disease3066 Words  | 13 Pagesterm exposure to urban air pollution and the risks of Myocardial infarction and Coronary heart disease. Definition of Meta analysis A meta-analysis is a type of research study in which the researcher compiles numerous previously published studies on a particular research question and re-analyzes the results to find the general trend for results across the studies, Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, (2010). Introduction Robert D. Brook et al. (2004) defined air pollution as a heterogeneous, complexRead MoreEffects Of Population Pollution Essay1464 Words  | 6 Pagesnegative impacts on the environment. Each day the air around us is becoming more polluted as the amount of carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere caused by human activities increases each day. As population continues to gradually increase, it is causing harmful effects in terms of air pollution. An increase in the number of people directly varies with the pollution that is emitted into the environment. Moreso, the human population is polluting the air due to the use of vehicles such as cars, trucksRead MoreEssay Advantages and Disadvantages Online Business3895 Words  | 16 PagesTABLE OF CONTENT 1. ORGANIZATION 2. PROBLEMS 3. AIR POLUTION 4. LEGAL AND REQUIREMENT 5. SOLUTION BASED ON THE PRINCIPLE OF PREVENTION AND CONTROL MEASURES AT WORKPROSES INTRODUCTION OF ORGANIZATION CEMENT INDUSTRIES OF MALAYSIA BERHAD Cement Industries of Malaysia Berhad (CIMA ) group of companies (CIMA Group or the Group) has been involved in the manufacturing and distribution of cement and related activities since 1975. CIMA is 100% owned by UEM Group Berhad which is a wholly
Saturday, December 21, 2019
Summary Of Stuffed And Starved By Raj Patel - 1216 Words
Reading Summary/Discussion Questions #4 This week we started reading a new book called Stuffed Starved by Raj Patel and were to read the first three chapters. Patel is different in his writing compared to Pollan because he is more emotional and forceful in his statements. He has worked for the World Bank, WTO, and the UN, so his social position makes him someone others would want to listen to. Unlike Pollan, Patel goes outside of the United States and takes a global perspective in his writing. Patel talks in the preface about how many more people are undernourished and overweight and he explains that the food system he describes in his book has been engineered to continue to increase hunger and obesity. It is surprising to me to†¦show more content†¦Like consumers, farmers do not have much choice either. Farmers plant crops that are demanded by the global food market. Essentially, farms are no longer owned by farmers and the farmers become the laborers. Also, it som etimes is all or nothing for farmers. For one, some land can only be used for one crop, for example coffee, and if something goes wrong with the crop, farmers lose everything. Second, unskilled labor jobs are dwindling, so there might not be much else a farmer could do if something were to happen to their land. It seems that when crops do well, farmers should be making a lot of money, however, the food processors and distributors are the ones who make most of the profit. Because of this, farmers are left with pennies compared to what the others make. Farmers and consumers have fought to control the food system, but what other choice do they have than to support it? The second section to be reviewed is chapter two. This chapter was devastating because it talked about the poverty that farmers face and the suicides that result because of it. Farmers cannot bare to see their families struggle or lose their farm that has been in the family for generations and, frequently, they use highly toxic pesticides used on their farms to commit suicide. Not only do these happen in poor developing countries, but also in wealthy, developed countries such as Australia and the United States. After a farmer passes, the family is
Friday, December 13, 2019
Who Killed President John F. Kennedy Free Essays
Despite the plethora of conspiracies surrounding the death of President Kennedy there is overwhelming evidence supporting the theory that a single gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald, killed President Kennedy. History tends to repeat its self time and time again. In this scenario it is the assassination of a President: first President Lincoln; then Garfield, McKinley, and lastly the most controversial of them all, President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Killed President John F. Kennedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The details surrounding his death have been studied and questioned for decades and will be for decades more to come. One of the most controversial details in the J. F. K assassination was; how many men gunned down the President on one of the most historical days in this Country’s history. Despite all of the controversy surrounding the death of the President, the clearest and most rational answer for who shot and killed the President is Lee Harvey Oswald. On the afternoon of November 22, 1963 fear struck the Nation when President Kennedy was shot and killed while riding in his motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas. Allegedly the shots that were fired came from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository and were shot by the infamous Lee Harvey Oswald. The first shot hit Kennedy in the back, and went through his throat. The same bullet then hit Governor Connelly in the back after shattering a rib and, hit him in the wrist and then in his thigh. The second shot was the fatal shot to the right side of Kennedy’s head which then went on to injure a bystander. Lastly the third and final shot hit the curb as the President’s limousine raced off to get away from the danger. During Oswald’s failed attempt to flea from authorities officer J. D. Tippit was shot to death shortly after the President was killed: Oswald denied both killings. Two days after the death of the President as millions of Americans watched Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner, pushed his way through police officers and shot the alleged assassin. Ruby was convicted for the murder of Oswald. Yet three years later the conviction was over-ruled due in fact that the judge allowed in illegal testimony. Ruby died of cancer before the second trial could be held. Why was Kennedy assassinated, and by who? Neither of those questions will ever be answered yet Kennedy was greatly disliked in the Soviet Union during the Cold War and in Cuba greatly for the Cuban Missile Crisis on October 8, 1962-roughly a year before the Presidents tragic death. Either country could have hired Oswald to assassinate the President but likely if this was the case the Soviet Union would be more likely to have had a part in Kennedy’s assassination due in part to the fact that Oswald left the U. S. to gain citizenship with the Soviet Union but was turned down. On the other hand Cuba could have hired the â€Å"lone assassin†to assassinate the President over the Cuban missile crisis, when President Kennedy had Cuba dismantle the missile system that the Soviet Union had placed there which was in fact pointed at the United States as well as having two missiles in Turkey, Thor and Jupiter. One of the biggest reasons there are so many conspiracies out there is because of the second bullet that was fired at the President, which was called the â€Å"magic bullet†it was said to have done numerous things. It apparently went through Kennedy’s upper back and out his neck, then took a sharp right turn to go through Connally’s back shattered a rib and came out his chest. After that, the bullet went through Connally’s wrist and then fell to lodge into Connally’s right upper thigh. Yet according to the Warren Report that was written by the Warren commission in September of 1964 the bullet never made any zigzag or funky turn. Connally was seated in a booster seat in front of the President which is not level with the President’s seat, it is three inches lower than Kennedy’s seat. Also the booster seat is six inches farther towards the middle of the car. Lastly Governor Connally was not sitting straightforward in his seat. He is turned to his right, as seen in the Zapruder Film. Therefore the bullets path would make perfect sense a straight line through both men. In conclusion there is overwhelming evidence that Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin that took the life of one of our countries’ most profound leaders, President John F. Kennedy, and acted alone. The reasoning for Oswald’s actions may never be uncovered: was he hired to get a point across; for payback, or did he act alone? The answers to these questions have been washed away into the history textbooks of our children and their children to come. May no one ever truly know the meaning behind the assassination of President Kennedy or who really took the life of President, but as the most backed up and legitimate answer is Lee Harvey Oswald. How to cite Who Killed President John F. Kennedy, Papers
Thursday, December 5, 2019
Organizational Communication Approaches and Processes
Question: Disucss about the Organizational Communication : Approaches and Processes. Answer: Introduction Successful work environments are characterised by good relationships between workers to workers, workers to management and management and workers. Human beings are social animals and therefore exist in groups that are defined by the relationships that hold the groups together. At work employees are not only held together by the formal roles that they play within the organisation but rather the relationships that define the existence of the groups. Social exchange theory suggests that relationships are based on give and take where individuals have expectations from others. mo (2006, P. 235) argues that these relationships form a series of interactions that generate into obligations that individuals hold towards each other time. On the other hand the psychological contract is based on the relationship between the employer and the employees about mutual expectations of inputs and outcomes. In forming relationships at the work place employees forego some of their rights to their fellow e mployees or management to maintain the relationship (Eisenberger, Armeli, Rexwinkel, Lynch Rhoades 2001, P. 44). In workplace environments, group dynamics greatly define the relationships that may exist within the organisation. Employees exist as individuals and groups at the same time. This means that the way individuals behave when they are alone and in groups shape the relationships that exist. Management has to ensure that there are proper relationships at the workplace to achieve organisational objectives and also minimise conflict (Blyton Turnbull 1998, P. 12). Therefore the manager needs to put strategies in place that can improve the relationships that employees have. This paper examines how management can improve work relationships improve morale, productivity and sense of teamwork in an organisation. This is based on how employee relations can be improved through communication, consultation, resolution of conflict, cultural diversity, ethics, winning trust and confidence of workers, interpersonal communication styles, networking and management of employees. Communication Communication is a key tool in forming relationships within the organisation and achieving coordination between employees. Goris, Vaught Prett (2000, P. 353) suggest that the role of communication in organisations is to give clear direction of the organisational needs and the role that employees play. Clear communication allows allocation responsibilities to employees and executing of tasks. Teamwork within an organisation is based on proper communication between different individuals, groups and departments in an organisation. Management communicates tasks to supervisors who in turn communicate or assign employees the tasks. On the other hand employees have to communicate among themselves in the course of carrying out tasks. System theories suggest that the organisation is like a system that is based on coordinated effort to achieve tasks. Coordination is achieved through sending of information from one source to another and receiving feedback over the same. Employees also use comm unication to form relationships between each other within the organisation to form groups. Miller (2009, P. 11) argues that ddifferent communication tools exist but organisation have to ensure that communication methods are simplified to ensure messages are easily understood by every employee. The best communication to employees is through meeting to allow employees raise issues that concern the organisation. Meeting are the most preferred communication tool rather than memos and other communication tools. This allows management to interact with employees and form work-based relationships. On the other hand employees can iron out issues that affect them through meeting at their level. Conflicts have been resolved in meetings while organisations that fail to hold meetings have bad relationships with employees and highly reported conflicts. Consultation Constant pressure to increase organisational performance has led to the need for employee involvement through consultation. The method has been highly prised for increasing the effectiveness of human resources by harnessing the potential of employee to business advantage. High involvement of employees through consultation has become influential in the immediate work that they do (Ciavarell 2003, P. 6). Consultation is a decision-making tool that ensures the organisation has proper support in the decisions that are made by management. To improve employee relations consultation is used in determining the input of employees in decision-making processes in an organisation. This leads to positive changes that may impact the relationship that employees have with the organisation. Consultation is used as a management tool that enables management to improve relationships with employees through involving them decision-making process. Management gets close to employees by reducing bottlenecks and the inferiority complex that employees have in the organisation. Welfare (2005, P. 95) suggets that highly consultative organisation have an easy time rolling out new strategies and communication new decisions to employees. Since consultation is based on using employee input in decision-making, then employees have to adapt to the new changes that have been made since they are part of the decisions that have been made. On the other hand consultation improves employee confidence which is important in improving relationships with management. Resolution of conflicting issues Growth of workforce in organisations increases the levels of conflict that are experienced within the organisation. As organisations increase in size, group dynamics also increase and thus conflict levels escalate within the organisation. Therefore employee relation strategies should aim at ensuring that conflict is reduced within the workplace to create an environment that is conducive for the organisation (Vandenberghe, Bentei Stinglhambe 2002, P. 590). Management has to develop skills that maintain harmonious relationships within the organisation to improve interpersonal communication and manage conflict. Marxists argue that conflict arises from scarcity of resources where allocation is biased among employees. Therefore conflict within an organisation is a result of poor management of resources. This entails issues like allocation of duties, distribution of resources and tools of trade that employees rely on to improve work. Learning to manage conflict helps managers resolve empl oyee relations easily. This entails developing conflict resolution mechanisms where management handles them using a standard mechanism within the organisation. This includes establishing proper reporting mechanisms that enable employees to report conflict related issues (Blyton 1998, p. 12). Timely reporting and handling of conflict reduce conflict escalation to secondary problems in the organisation. Therefore management has to ensure that there are proper conflict resolution mechanisms that are put in place to resolve employee-related issues. In some organisations committee are developed to be in charge of such problems that constitute both employee and part of management. This is aimed at improving the relationships within the organisation. Embracing of cultural diversity in organisations Growth of organisations and expansion of business processes leads to a shift in workforce demographics within the organisations. Organisations are forced to embrace differences and change that is a result of employing people from different cultural diversities. Cultural diversity is the quality of different cultures within an organisation that encompass race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, cognitive style, tenure, organisational function and education. Pearce(2008, P. 22) states that ddiversity involves how people perceive others and form relationships that impact the organisation. Cultural diversity can have both negative and positive effects within the organisation. Work place diversity can be used as a human resource management tool to improve relations within the organisation. Human resource need to embrace diversity through improved communication and providing an environment for adaptability within the organisation. Handling of employees determines how diverse cultures converge together for organisational development. Therefore management has to manage diversity issues by developing plans that allow reporting of multiple employee issues. To manage diversity in the work place, management needs to assess the level of diversity at the workforce and develop a plan to be implemented for managing the diversity in the organisation (Samovar, Porter, McDaniel 2009, P. 21). Ethics are a set of moral principles relating to a particular group or organisation. , any organisations have established a code of conduct that determines how the employees and management conduct themselves. These ethical values define the organisation and shape the relationships that employees form between themselves, with management and with clients. They form a significant human resource relationship of mutual dependency that greatly impacts the organisation. George Jones (2002, P. 17) state that eethical issues entail fair treatment of the workforce and it forms part of the obligation that the organisation has towards employees. On the other hand employees have a moral obligation entails loyalty to the organisation. Organisational culture can be sued to instil ethical behaviour in employees. Kolbs learning cycle discusses the learning styles that employees go through within an organisation. New employees learn work relationships patterns and ethical issues from their fellow emp loyees through learning what they do. A good organisational culture defines the relationships that exist in the organisation and how people enter into relationships. Organisational culture shapes the behaviours of employees and ensures that people can form relationships that are ethically defined. On the other hand ethical behaviour ensures that employees form relationships that are beneficial to the organisation and minimise conflict at the workplace. Winning trust and confidence of employees Relationships between management and employees are based on winning the trust and confidence of employees. Managers who have built great teams have developed trust and confidence with their employees through workplace relationships. Positive work relationships are based on trust by creating an environment which is safe and having the interest of others in mind. Therefore managers need to be proactive in creating suitable workplace environments that increase trust and confidence of employees. The fore most thing in winning trust and confidence of employees is through creating personal connection with each employee. Clampitt (2004, P. 15) suggest that cconnection with employees ensures that the manager understands employees and employees understand management through the relationships that they have formed. Through connecting with the employees, managers learn the behaviours and abilities that employees have to make better their abilities and determine the weaknesses that need to be im proved to make relationships better. Leadership styles that are also used by management have shaped the way employees trust and build confidence in management (Blyton 1998, P. 22). There is no preferred leadership style that can be used in an organisation but rather different styles can be used to ensure that the leader balances abilities for managing people. Through connecting with employees, the manager emphasises what they have in common with employees by sharing relevant information that can improve relationships. Improving interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication is the exchange of information between people in an organisation. It is commonly associated with communication between people who are interdependent and have some knowledge of each other. Successful interpersonal communication in organisations is based on understanding communication messages that are relayed from the source to the receiver (Emmers-Sommer, 2004, P. 412). According to symbolic interaction people have shared meanings through interactions that are socio-culturally shaped depending on the environment and context. The theory further states that the world is made up of social objects with social meanings defined by the social interactions that people have. In the work environment employees relate at the individual level and the organisational level (Ackerson Viswanath, 2009, P. 517). The way they communicate between each other is based on interpersonal relationships that they have formed and the meaning that the relationships have on them. Peopl e will communicate in the organisation using abstract concepts that carry meanings that relate to the group characteristics that they have. Therefore interpersonal relationships in an organisation alter the style of communication that people have within an organisation. The best way to train employees in improving interpersonal communication is through coaching. This ensures that they learn relevant skills that enable them build strong skills through interpersonal communication. There are a variety of tools that can be used in improving interpersonal communication within the work environment. Networking is forming social relationships within an organisation using relevant communication channels. Therefore networks consist of a set of relationships that organisations have with different stakeholders. An employee network consists of a set of communication and relationship patterns that employees form to improve communication and connection to each other. Networked groups are based on common aspects that employees share like race, gender, background and experience. The requirements for the groups are socially defined and membership is open to all (Cole, Schaninger Harris 2007, P. 148). Employees form networks within the organisation to achieve a common course that is similar to the needs that characterise the group. According to Cornelissen (2008, P. 15), networked groups in an organisation seek to improve employee engagement, deliver substantive content, create a framework for cross-business unit connectivity and idea-sharing, and advance the firm's overall culture of incl usion. The networks are employee led but human resource supported within an organisation to improve business processes and organisational growth. Business networks exist within and outside the organisation to support business processes and organisational development. Diversified organisations have networked employee groups that are based on relationships that employee. Employee relations are based on management and leaderships patterns that exist in an organisation. O'Hara (2014, PP. 8) suggests that the role of a leader is to provide direction by influencing the members to the direction desired by the organisation. On the other hand managements role is to plan and coordinate the execution of tasks through allocating resources and tasks to employees in the organisation. Proper leadership, therefore, ensures that the organisation puts structures in place for creating an environment that satisfies the employees. Through connecting with employees management is able to determine issues that affect employees and how relationships that employees form can be improved (Ciavarella 2003, P. 12). To improve employee relations management needs to focus on communication, career development, creating the clear vision, motivation of employees and proper allocation of duties within the organisation. Motivation leads to job satisfaction and reducing of conflicts within the organisation. To manage employees well Herzberg proposed the two-factor theory based on hygiene factors and motivational factors that shape the way employees behave and approach work. Highly motivated employees enjoy their work environment since their needs are met by the organisation. On the other hand allocation of duties and responsibilities ensures that work is balanced within the organisation. One element that leads to job satisfaction is proper allocation of duties (Rose 2003, P. 11). Properly allocated tasks make employees feel recognised since management develops criteria for allocating tasks that is accepted by all employees. This minimise conflict and ensures that employees stick to their work place. Through allocation of tasks, organisations easily meet their objectives. Conclusion Maintaining healthy relationships in an organisation is one of the prerequisites for business success. Employee relationships are related to productivity and employee satisfaction. Pearce(2008, P. 12) argues that organisations that have proper employee relationships do not struggle with resolving employee issues but rather have work influenced relationships that minimise the involvement of employees at the workplace. Good relations make employees feel positive about their identity, their jobs and the role that they play to the overall development of the organisation. Management expects employees to form relationships that are for the better of the organisation through minimising conflict and increasing productivity. On the other hand Clampitt (2004, P. 9) argues that employees expect management to put strategies in place for improving employees relations and respecting the role that employees play in the organisation. Management supports employee relations by investing in employee re lation elements like providing conditions that are good for employees to relate and developing an organisational culture that defines the way the organisation conducts itself. Improving employee relations, therefore, requires the effort of both employees and management is setting standards that apply for both parties. However management has the major responsibility for ensuring that there are good relations within the organisations and also establishing mechanisms that can be used to resolve organisational issues. The mechanisms put in place by the organisation should have mechanisms that can be used to analyse the level of relations and how to identify where problems are within the organisation. References Ackerson, L. Viswanath, K., 2009. The Social Context Of Interpersonal Communication and Health. Journal of Health Communication, 14(1), pp. 517-517. mo, B., 2006. Employee innovation behaviour in health care: the influence from management and colleagues. International Nursing Review, 53(3), pp. 231-237. Blyton T, T. P., 1998. The Dynamics of Employment Relations. London: MacMillan Business. Ciavarella M, 2003. 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