The Effects Of Traffic Related Air Pollution On Mortality

Cohort Study Submitted by Auguste Aurele Jr. on 1/24/15 Article Citation in APA format: Beelen, R., et al. (2008). Long-term effects of traffic-related air pollution on mortality in a Dutch cohort (NLCS-AIR Study). Environmental Health Perspectives, 116(2), 196-202. doi: 10.1289/ehp.10767 Research Question: Does traffic-related air pollution affect mortality? The researchers hypothesized that traffic air pollution increases mortality. Health Outcome of Interest: Decrease mortality by decreasing exposure to traffic-related air pollution. Exposure of Interest: Individual aging between 55–69 years of age exposed to traffic air pollution in Netherland which includes black smoke (BS), nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter ≠¤ 2.5 ÃŽ ¼m (PM2.5) (Beelen et al,2008). Type of Study This is a retrospective study that assessed the relation between mortality and exposure to air traffic pollution from January 1st, 1987 and December 31, 1996. According to Aschengrau and Sage III( 2014) , in retrospective research, the exposure, as well as the outcomes have already occurred in the past Description/Ascertainment of Cohort: The enrollment of 120,852 subjects 58,279 males and 62,573 females) 55–69years of age living in 204 municipalities located throughout the country. Their addresses were selected with regards to pollution areas as part as a subcohort. The study was designed as a case–cohort study Data Collection at Baseline: At baseline, all participants had toShow MoreRelatedAir Pollution And Its Effects On Health1647 Words   |  7 PagesAir pollution is considered the presence of a harmful substance in the air. â€Å"All aerobic biological system use oxygen as an essential part of their physiological cellular metabolic processes (Valavanidis et. al 2013).†With the inclusion of oxygen within our biological systems come complications. More specifically, air pollution has been deemed hazardous to human health. 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Summary Of Stuffed And Starved By Raj Patel - 1216 Words

Reading Summary/Discussion Questions #4 This week we started reading a new book called Stuffed Starved by Raj Patel and were to read the first three chapters. Patel is different in his writing compared to Pollan because he is more emotional and forceful in his statements. He has worked for the World Bank, WTO, and the UN, so his social position makes him someone others would want to listen to. Unlike Pollan, Patel goes outside of the United States and takes a global perspective in his writing. Patel talks in the preface about how many more people are undernourished and overweight and he explains that the food system he describes in his book has been engineered to continue to increase hunger and obesity. It is surprising to me to†¦show more content†¦Like consumers, farmers do not have much choice either. Farmers plant crops that are demanded by the global food market. Essentially, farms are no longer owned by farmers and the farmers become the laborers. Also, it som etimes is all or nothing for farmers. For one, some land can only be used for one crop, for example coffee, and if something goes wrong with the crop, farmers lose everything. Second, unskilled labor jobs are dwindling, so there might not be much else a farmer could do if something were to happen to their land. It seems that when crops do well, farmers should be making a lot of money, however, the food processors and distributors are the ones who make most of the profit. Because of this, farmers are left with pennies compared to what the others make. Farmers and consumers have fought to control the food system, but what other choice do they have than to support it? The second section to be reviewed is chapter two. This chapter was devastating because it talked about the poverty that farmers face and the suicides that result because of it. Farmers cannot bare to see their families struggle or lose their farm that has been in the family for generations and, frequently, they use highly toxic pesticides used on their farms to commit suicide. Not only do these happen in poor developing countries, but also in wealthy, developed countries such as Australia and the United States. After a farmer passes, the family is

Who Killed President John F. Kennedy Free Essays

Despite the plethora of conspiracies surrounding the death of President Kennedy there is overwhelming evidence supporting the theory that a single gunman, Lee Harvey Oswald, killed President Kennedy. History tends to repeat its self time and time again. In this scenario it is the assassination of a President: first President Lincoln; then Garfield, McKinley, and lastly the most controversial of them all, President John Fitzgerald Kennedy. We will write a custom essay sample on Who Killed President John F. Kennedy or any similar topic only for you Order Now The details surrounding his death have been studied and questioned for decades and will be for decades more to come. One of the most controversial details in the J. F. K assassination was; how many men gunned down the President on one of the most historical days in this Country’s history. Despite all of the controversy surrounding the death of the President, the clearest and most rational answer for who shot and killed the President is Lee Harvey Oswald. On the afternoon of November 22, 1963 fear struck the Nation when President Kennedy was shot and killed while riding in his motorcade through Dealey Plaza in downtown Dallas. Allegedly the shots that were fired came from the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository and were shot by the infamous Lee Harvey Oswald. The first shot hit Kennedy in the back, and went through his throat. The same bullet then hit Governor Connelly in the back after shattering a rib and, hit him in the wrist and then in his thigh. The second shot was the fatal shot to the right side of Kennedy’s head which then went on to injure a bystander. Lastly the third and final shot hit the curb as the President’s limousine raced off to get away from the danger. During Oswald’s failed attempt to flea from authorities officer J. D. Tippit was shot to death shortly after the President was killed: Oswald denied both killings. Two days after the death of the President as millions of Americans watched Jack Ruby, a Dallas nightclub owner, pushed his way through police officers and shot the alleged assassin. Ruby was convicted for the murder of Oswald. Yet three years later the conviction was over-ruled due in fact that the judge allowed in illegal testimony. Ruby died of cancer before the second trial could be held. Why was Kennedy assassinated, and by who? Neither of those questions will ever be answered yet Kennedy was greatly disliked in the Soviet Union during the Cold War and in Cuba greatly for the Cuban Missile Crisis on October 8, 1962-roughly a year before the Presidents tragic death. Either country could have hired Oswald to assassinate the President but likely if this was the case the Soviet Union would be more likely to have had a part in Kennedy’s assassination due in part to the fact that Oswald left the U. S. to gain citizenship with the Soviet Union but was turned down. On the other hand Cuba could have hired the â€Å"lone assassin† to assassinate the President over the Cuban missile crisis, when President Kennedy had Cuba dismantle the missile system that the Soviet Union had placed there which was in fact pointed at the United States as well as having two missiles in Turkey, Thor and Jupiter. One of the biggest reasons there are so many conspiracies out there is because of the second bullet that was fired at the President, which was called the â€Å"magic bullet† it was said to have done numerous things. It apparently went through Kennedy’s upper back and out his neck, then took a sharp right turn to go through Connally’s back shattered a rib and came out his chest. After that, the bullet went through Connally’s wrist and then fell to lodge into Connally’s right upper thigh. Yet according to the Warren Report that was written by the Warren commission in September of 1964 the bullet never made any zigzag or funky turn. Connally was seated in a booster seat in front of the President which is not level with the President’s seat, it is three inches lower than Kennedy’s seat. Also the booster seat is six inches farther towards the middle of the car. Lastly Governor Connally was not sitting straightforward in his seat. He is turned to his right, as seen in the Zapruder Film. Therefore the bullets path would make perfect sense a straight line through both men. In conclusion there is overwhelming evidence that Lee Harvey Oswald was the assassin that took the life of one of our countries’ most profound leaders, President John F. Kennedy, and acted alone. The reasoning for Oswald’s actions may never be uncovered: was he hired to get a point across; for payback, or did he act alone? The answers to these questions have been washed away into the history textbooks of our children and their children to come. May no one ever truly know the meaning behind the assassination of President Kennedy or who really took the life of President, but as the most backed up and legitimate answer is Lee Harvey Oswald. How to cite Who Killed President John F. Kennedy, Papers

Organizational Communication Approaches and Processes

Question: Disucss about the Organizational Communication : Approaches and Processes. Answer: Introduction Successful work environments are characterised by good relationships between workers to workers, workers to management and management and workers. Human beings are social animals and therefore exist in groups that are defined by the relationships that hold the groups together. At work employees are not only held together by the formal roles that they play within the organisation but rather the relationships that define the existence of the groups. Social exchange theory suggests that relationships are based on give and take where individuals have expectations from others. mo (2006, P. 235) argues that these relationships form a series of interactions that generate into obligations that individuals hold towards each other time. On the other hand the psychological contract is based on the relationship between the employer and the employees about mutual expectations of inputs and outcomes. In forming relationships at the work place employees forego some of their rights to their fellow e mployees or management to maintain the relationship (Eisenberger, Armeli, Rexwinkel, Lynch Rhoades 2001, P. 44). In workplace environments, group dynamics greatly define the relationships that may exist within the organisation. Employees exist as individuals and groups at the same time. This means that the way individuals behave when they are alone and in groups shape the relationships that exist. Management has to ensure that there are proper relationships at the workplace to achieve organisational objectives and also minimise conflict (Blyton Turnbull 1998, P. 12). Therefore the manager needs to put strategies in place that can improve the relationships that employees have. This paper examines how management can improve work relationships improve morale, productivity and sense of teamwork in an organisation. This is based on how employee relations can be improved through communication, consultation, resolution of conflict, cultural diversity, ethics, winning trust and confidence of workers, interpersonal communication styles, networking and management of employees. Communication Communication is a key tool in forming relationships within the organisation and achieving coordination between employees. Goris, Vaught Prett (2000, P. 353) suggest that the role of communication in organisations is to give clear direction of the organisational needs and the role that employees play. Clear communication allows allocation responsibilities to employees and executing of tasks. Teamwork within an organisation is based on proper communication between different individuals, groups and departments in an organisation. Management communicates tasks to supervisors who in turn communicate or assign employees the tasks. On the other hand employees have to communicate among themselves in the course of carrying out tasks. System theories suggest that the organisation is like a system that is based on coordinated effort to achieve tasks. Coordination is achieved through sending of information from one source to another and receiving feedback over the same. Employees also use comm unication to form relationships between each other within the organisation to form groups. Miller (2009, P. 11) argues that ddifferent communication tools exist but organisation have to ensure that communication methods are simplified to ensure messages are easily understood by every employee. The best communication to employees is through meeting to allow employees raise issues that concern the organisation. Meeting are the most preferred communication tool rather than memos and other communication tools. This allows management to interact with employees and form work-based relationships. On the other hand employees can iron out issues that affect them through meeting at their level. Conflicts have been resolved in meetings while organisations that fail to hold meetings have bad relationships with employees and highly reported conflicts. Consultation Constant pressure to increase organisational performance has led to the need for employee involvement through consultation. The method has been highly prised for increasing the effectiveness of human resources by harnessing the potential of employee to business advantage. High involvement of employees through consultation has become influential in the immediate work that they do (Ciavarell 2003, P. 6). Consultation is a decision-making tool that ensures the organisation has proper support in the decisions that are made by management. To improve employee relations consultation is used in determining the input of employees in decision-making processes in an organisation. This leads to positive changes that may impact the relationship that employees have with the organisation. Consultation is used as a management tool that enables management to improve relationships with employees through involving them decision-making process. Management gets close to employees by reducing bottlenecks and the inferiority complex that employees have in the organisation. Welfare (2005, P. 95) suggets that highly consultative organisation have an easy time rolling out new strategies and communication new decisions to employees. Since consultation is based on using employee input in decision-making, then employees have to adapt to the new changes that have been made since they are part of the decisions that have been made. On the other hand consultation improves employee confidence which is important in improving relationships with management. Resolution of conflicting issues Growth of workforce in organisations increases the levels of conflict that are experienced within the organisation. As organisations increase in size, group dynamics also increase and thus conflict levels escalate within the organisation. Therefore employee relation strategies should aim at ensuring that conflict is reduced within the workplace to create an environment that is conducive for the organisation (Vandenberghe, Bentei Stinglhambe 2002, P. 590). Management has to develop skills that maintain harmonious relationships within the organisation to improve interpersonal communication and manage conflict. Marxists argue that conflict arises from scarcity of resources where allocation is biased among employees. Therefore conflict within an organisation is a result of poor management of resources. This entails issues like allocation of duties, distribution of resources and tools of trade that employees rely on to improve work. Learning to manage conflict helps managers resolve empl oyee relations easily. This entails developing conflict resolution mechanisms where management handles them using a standard mechanism within the organisation. This includes establishing proper reporting mechanisms that enable employees to report conflict related issues (Blyton 1998, p. 12). Timely reporting and handling of conflict reduce conflict escalation to secondary problems in the organisation. Therefore management has to ensure that there are proper conflict resolution mechanisms that are put in place to resolve employee-related issues. In some organisations committee are developed to be in charge of such problems that constitute both employee and part of management. This is aimed at improving the relationships within the organisation. Embracing of cultural diversity in organisations Growth of organisations and expansion of business processes leads to a shift in workforce demographics within the organisations. Organisations are forced to embrace differences and change that is a result of employing people from different cultural diversities. Cultural diversity is the quality of different cultures within an organisation that encompass race, gender, ethnic group, age, personality, cognitive style, tenure, organisational function and education. Pearce(2008, P. 22) states that ddiversity involves how people perceive others and form relationships that impact the organisation. Cultural diversity can have both negative and positive effects within the organisation. Work place diversity can be used as a human resource management tool to improve relations within the organisation. Human resource need to embrace diversity through improved communication and providing an environment for adaptability within the organisation. Handling of employees determines how diverse cultures converge together for organisational development. Therefore management has to manage diversity issues by developing plans that allow reporting of multiple employee issues. To manage diversity in the work place, management needs to assess the level of diversity at the workforce and develop a plan to be implemented for managing the diversity in the organisation (Samovar, Porter, McDaniel 2009, P. 21). Ethics are a set of moral principles relating to a particular group or organisation. , any organisations have established a code of conduct that determines how the employees and management conduct themselves. These ethical values define the organisation and shape the relationships that employees form between themselves, with management and with clients. They form a significant human resource relationship of mutual dependency that greatly impacts the organisation. George Jones (2002, P. 17) state that eethical issues entail fair treatment of the workforce and it forms part of the obligation that the organisation has towards employees. On the other hand employees have a moral obligation entails loyalty to the organisation. Organisational culture can be sued to instil ethical behaviour in employees. Kolbs learning cycle discusses the learning styles that employees go through within an organisation. New employees learn work relationships patterns and ethical issues from their fellow emp loyees through learning what they do. A good organisational culture defines the relationships that exist in the organisation and how people enter into relationships. Organisational culture shapes the behaviours of employees and ensures that people can form relationships that are ethically defined. On the other hand ethical behaviour ensures that employees form relationships that are beneficial to the organisation and minimise conflict at the workplace. Winning trust and confidence of employees Relationships between management and employees are based on winning the trust and confidence of employees. Managers who have built great teams have developed trust and confidence with their employees through workplace relationships. Positive work relationships are based on trust by creating an environment which is safe and having the interest of others in mind. Therefore managers need to be proactive in creating suitable workplace environments that increase trust and confidence of employees. The fore most thing in winning trust and confidence of employees is through creating personal connection with each employee. Clampitt (2004, P. 15) suggest that cconnection with employees ensures that the manager understands employees and employees understand management through the relationships that they have formed. Through connecting with the employees, managers learn the behaviours and abilities that employees have to make better their abilities and determine the weaknesses that need to be im proved to make relationships better. Leadership styles that are also used by management have shaped the way employees trust and build confidence in management (Blyton 1998, P. 22). There is no preferred leadership style that can be used in an organisation but rather different styles can be used to ensure that the leader balances abilities for managing people. Through connecting with employees, the manager emphasises what they have in common with employees by sharing relevant information that can improve relationships. Improving interpersonal communication Interpersonal communication is the exchange of information between people in an organisation. It is commonly associated with communication between people who are interdependent and have some knowledge of each other. Successful interpersonal communication in organisations is based on understanding communication messages that are relayed from the source to the receiver (Emmers-Sommer, 2004, P. 412). According to symbolic interaction people have shared meanings through interactions that are socio-culturally shaped depending on the environment and context. The theory further states that the world is made up of social objects with social meanings defined by the social interactions that people have. In the work environment employees relate at the individual level and the organisational level (Ackerson Viswanath, 2009, P. 517). The way they communicate between each other is based on interpersonal relationships that they have formed and the meaning that the relationships have on them. Peopl e will communicate in the organisation using abstract concepts that carry meanings that relate to the group characteristics that they have. Therefore interpersonal relationships in an organisation alter the style of communication that people have within an organisation. The best way to train employees in improving interpersonal communication is through coaching. This ensures that they learn relevant skills that enable them build strong skills through interpersonal communication. There are a variety of tools that can be used in improving interpersonal communication within the work environment. Networking is forming social relationships within an organisation using relevant communication channels. Therefore networks consist of a set of relationships that organisations have with different stakeholders. An employee network consists of a set of communication and relationship patterns that employees form to improve communication and connection to each other. Networked groups are based on common aspects that employees share like race, gender, background and experience. The requirements for the groups are socially defined and membership is open to all (Cole, Schaninger Harris 2007, P. 148). Employees form networks within the organisation to achieve a common course that is similar to the needs that characterise the group. According to Cornelissen (2008, P. 15), networked groups in an organisation seek to improve employee engagement, deliver substantive content, create a framework for cross-business unit connectivity and idea-sharing, and advance the firm's overall culture of incl usion. The networks are employee led but human resource supported within an organisation to improve business processes and organisational growth. Business networks exist within and outside the organisation to support business processes and organisational development. Diversified organisations have networked employee groups that are based on relationships that employee. Employee relations are based on management and leaderships patterns that exist in an organisation. O'Hara (2014, PP. 8) suggests that the role of a leader is to provide direction by influencing the members to the direction desired by the organisation. On the other hand managements role is to plan and coordinate the execution of tasks through allocating resources and tasks to employees in the organisation. Proper leadership, therefore, ensures that the organisation puts structures in place for creating an environment that satisfies the employees. Through connecting with employees management is able to determine issues that affect employees and how relationships that employees form can be improved (Ciavarella 2003, P. 12). To improve employee relations management needs to focus on communication, career development, creating the clear vision, motivation of employees and proper allocation of duties within the organisation. Motivation leads to job satisfaction and reducing of conflicts within the organisation. To manage employees well Herzberg proposed the two-factor theory based on hygiene factors and motivational factors that shape the way employees behave and approach work. Highly motivated employees enjoy their work environment since their needs are met by the organisation. On the other hand allocation of duties and responsibilities ensures that work is balanced within the organisation. One element that leads to job satisfaction is proper allocation of duties (Rose 2003, P. 11). Properly allocated tasks make employees feel recognised since management develops criteria for allocating tasks that is accepted by all employees. This minimise conflict and ensures that employees stick to their work place. Through allocation of tasks, organisations easily meet their objectives. Conclusion Maintaining healthy relationships in an organisation is one of the prerequisites for business success. Employee relationships are related to productivity and employee satisfaction. Pearce(2008, P. 12) argues that organisations that have proper employee relationships do not struggle with resolving employee issues but rather have work influenced relationships that minimise the involvement of employees at the workplace. Good relations make employees feel positive about their identity, their jobs and the role that they play to the overall development of the organisation. Management expects employees to form relationships that are for the better of the organisation through minimising conflict and increasing productivity. On the other hand Clampitt (2004, P. 9) argues that employees expect management to put strategies in place for improving employees relations and respecting the role that employees play in the organisation. Management supports employee relations by investing in employee re lation elements like providing conditions that are good for employees to relate and developing an organisational culture that defines the way the organisation conducts itself. Improving employee relations, therefore, requires the effort of both employees and management is setting standards that apply for both parties. However management has the major responsibility for ensuring that there are good relations within the organisations and also establishing mechanisms that can be used to resolve organisational issues. The mechanisms put in place by the organisation should have mechanisms that can be used to analyse the level of relations and how to identify where problems are within the organisation. References Ackerson, L. Viswanath, K., 2009. The Social Context Of Interpersonal Communication and Health. Journal of Health Communication, 14(1), pp. 517-517. mo, B., 2006. Employee innovation behaviour in health care: the influence from management and colleagues. International Nursing Review, 53(3), pp. 231-237. Blyton T, T. P., 1998. The Dynamics of Employment Relations. London: MacMillan Business. Ciavarella M, 2003. The adotion of hgh involvement practices and processes in emergent and developing firms; a descriptive and perspective approach. Human Resource Management, 42(4). Clampitt, P., 2004. Communicating for Managerial Effectiveness. s.l.:Sage Publications. Cole, M, Schaninger, W, Harris, S, 2007. The workplace social network exchange: a multilevel, conceptual examination. Group Organization Management, 27(1), pp. 142-167. Cornelissen, J., 2008. Corporate Communication: A Guide to Theory and Practice.. 2nd ed. London: Sage publications. Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S, Rexwinkel, B, Lynch, P, Rhoades, L, 2001. Reciprocation of perceived organizational suppor. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), pp. 42-51. Emmers-Sommer, T. M., 2004. The effect of communication quality and quantity indicators on intimacy and relational satisfaction.. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 21(3), pp. 399-411. George J. M., and Jones G. R., 2002. Understanding and Managing Organizational Behavior. 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education.. Goris, J. V. B. . P. D., 2000. Effects of communication direction on job performance and satisfaction: a moderated regression analysis.. The Journal of Business Communication, 37(4), pp. 348-368. Miller, K., 2009. Organizational communication: approaches and processes. 5th ed. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. O'Hara, C., 2014. Proven Ways to Earn Your Employees Trust. Havrad Business Review, 27 June. Pearce, B., 2008. Making Social Worlds. Blackwell: Wiley. Rose, M., 2003. Good deal, Bad deal? Job satisfaction in occupations. Work Employment and society, 17(3). Samovar, L. P. R. M., 2009. Communication Between Cultures. Boston: Wadsworth CENGAGE Learning. Welfare, S, 2005. High on the Agenda: employee information and consultation,. IRS employment Review, Volume 833. Vandenberghe, C., Bentein, K, Stinglhamber, F, 2002. Affective commitment to the organization, supervisor, and work group: Antecedents and outcomes. Journal of vocational behavior, 87(3), pp. 590-595.

Mean Spirit Essays - Osage Nation, Mean Spirit, Osage Hills

Mean Spirit Mean Spirit/ Linda Hogan/ ?1990 Our story takes place on an oil-rich Native American town, called Watona, on a reservation in Oklahoma. The course of the story extends from 1918 to the mid-twenties. There is a multitude of characters that accompany this story. One of the most important characters is Nola Blanket, a young teenager who is a full-blooded Osage Indian. She is a very delicate girl but still very strong. Her mother, Grace Blanket, is a very beautiful, well-liked young woman who is very outgoing and fun-loving. Belle Graycloud is a feisty, strong-willed Indian woman. She is well respected and is the commanding grandmother of her household. Her family is very close to the Blankets, who are distant cousins. Belle's daughter, Lettie, is a close friend of Grace. Lettie's lover, Benoit, is an Osage man that is married to Grace's crippled sister, Sara Blanket; but he is more like a brother and caretaker to her than he is a husband. Michael Horse is the fire keeper of the Osage tribe, but he also writes in his spare time. He is an old man who observes everything around him and writes it down in his journals. Stace Red Hawk is a Sioux Indian that works for the FBI. He became a federal agent in hopes of helping the Native Americans and protecting them from being taken advantage of. John Hale is a tall, lanky white rancher and oilman. He is trusted by the Indians, and seems to be a generous and helpful person. Watona was a small Indian town that prospered due to the rich rivers of oil flowing beneath it. As part of the Dawes Act, each Indian was allowed to choose an allotment of land not already claimed by white Americans. Although the 160 acres of land per Indian seemed generous, the land was barren and dry. The government did not know, however, that black oil seeped up out of the earth, and many Indians became very wealthy because of their ?worthless? pieces of land. As a result of the Indians' wealth, hundreds of white businessmen, fortune-hunters, traders, thieves, and swindlers swarmed to the reservation to make cash. When Grace Blanket is murdered by John Hale on a warm summer morning, it is made to look like a suicide and the local law enforcement passes it off as such. Nola and her friend Rena saw Nola's mother chased down and shot, but the Indians know that they must not bring it to the law or they will risk Nola's life. Belle takes in Nola as her own and sees that Nola is safe. Mysteriously, men from the nearby Osage tribe appear to keep watch over Nola in her time of vulnerability. The story progresses as more murders occur and the situation gets more and more rotten. Sara Blanket is killed in an explosion and Benoit is framed as the culprit. Other local Osage people are found dead, inexplicably, and foul play is afoot. It is more than coincidence that many of these people had dealings with John Hale, who often benefited from their deaths. But nobody has any proof of the murders, so Mr. Hale gets away with his dirty deeds. Stace Red Hawk is sent down from Washington, D.C. by the FBI to investigate the murders. As he spends more time with the Indian people, he slowly loses the ways of the white world and becomes in touch with his real self. He meets Michael Horse, who is adding his own chapter to the Bible because he feels that it has left out crucial elements. Horse is a seer, and he often foresees events that nobody else knows about. Horse is also trying to uncover the mystery that is tearing the Osage community apart. After years of searching, the combined efforts of Stace, Michael, Belle, and Lettie yield enough clues to put John Hale on trial. John is convicted and it seems that everyone is finally safe. One night, Belle's husband Moses wakes up, and he knows right away that something is wrong with his twin sister. He finds that her husband was in on the conspiracy and that he has shot her. The family realizes that they are still in danger, and

How to Get a College Application Fee Waiver 3 Approaches

How to Get a College Application Fee Waiver 3 Approaches SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Most college application fees fall in the $40 to $50 range, with some costing as much as $90 (ahem, Stanford). For many students and their families, these fees present a serious obstacle along the already pricey path to college. If application fees are burdensome to you, you may qualify for college application fee waivers! Just like SAT and ACT fee waivers, these college fee waivers allow you to send off yourapplications for free. This guide will go over how you can qualify for and use college application fee waivers, step by step. First, let’s review how much college applications usually cost and how much you can save with fee waivers. How Much Do College Applications Cost? College applications, on average, cost around $40. Especially selective schools, like NYU, Boston University, Harvard, Yale, and, of course, the pricey Stanford, ask for $70 or more. If you apply to just five of these pricey private schools, then you're already looking at application fees of over $350! Severalstate schools are a little less expensive; Penn State, University of Wisconsin, and University of Texas, for instance, all ask for $50. Other schools are somewhat more reasonable with application fees of $25 or $30, plus there are a good number of schools to which you can apply for free! But unless you're applying to primarily fee-free schools, the costs of applying can seriously add up -especially if you're looking at 8 or more colleges. Fee waivers can be a huge help, but they aren’t available to everyone. Fee waivers are given only to students and families who qualify. Read on to learn if you’re eligible. Soeligible. How aboutyou? How Do You Qualify for College Application Fee Waivers? First off, it merits saying that your fee waivers are actually fee waiver requests. Ultimately, each of your colleges must approve your request. For the most part, colleges will approve if you have your school counselor’s or another designated official’s signature. If your collegeshave any doubts or questions, then they might ask you to send along extra information demonstrating that you qualify (this is rare). Mostly, this fee waiver process is done on the honor system. It’s up to you and your counselor to determine if you’re eligible, so take a look at the criteria below. There are a few pieces of criteria that must apply for you to be eligible for fee waivers. They’re actually the same guidelines that apply to getting an SAT or ACT fee waiver. If you already got an SAT or ACT fee waiver, therefore, then you should be automatically eligible for college application fee waivers. If you’re using the Common Application or your admission test of choice was the SAT, then the process should be especially easy. Before delving into how to get the fee waivers, let’s go over the qualifying guidelines. Just one of these must apply to you. You’re enrolled in or eligible for the Federal Free or Reduced Price Lunch program. Your family income meets the Income Eligibility Guidelines set by the USDA Food and Nutrition Service*. You’re enrolled in a program that aids students from low-income families, like Upward Bound. Your family receives public assistance. You live in federally subsidized public housing, a foster home, or are homeless. You’re a ward of the state or an orphan. You can provide a supporting statement from an official of your financial eligibility. *For most states, the Income Eligibility Guidelines are as follows: Members in Household Total Annual Income 1 $21,775 2 $29,471 3 $37,167 4 $44,863 5 $52,599 6 $60,255 So if you already got an SAT or ACT fee waiver or have since determined that you’re eligible based on the above criteria, how do you go about obtaining your collegefee waiver? First, you'll need a shovel, gloves, and a sturdypair of shoes... How Do You Get College Application Fee Waivers? The easiest ways to get your hands on application fee waivers don't involve archaeological adventures, unfortunately. They involve cases in which: #1: You’re applying to colleges with the Common Application, and/or#2: You took the SAT with a fee waiver. If neither of these scenarios applies to you, then you may be able to obtain an alternative fee waiver form. For instance, students who took the ACT and are applying to a non-Common Application school may need to findthese other forms. Finally, if you have trouble obtaining any form at all, then you could simply fax or send your college a letter of request.Since there are a few different options, we’ll break it down with instructions for each scenario, starting with students who apply through the Common Application. Scenario 1: You’re Using the Common Application The Common App is streamlines the application process in a number of ways, one of which is asking forfee waivers. You can use request fee waivers fromany of your Common App schools! To obtain aCommon App fee waiver, you have to meet the same requirements as the onesdescribed above. In your Profile section, you’ll indicate whether or not you qualify for a fee waiver, and then you’ll select your reason why. The screen will look like this: If you select yes, then you'll be prompted to select an indicator of economic need: You’ll electronicallysign this section, as well as receive the abovereminder that your counselor will need to confirm your answer. If you already got an SAT or ACT fee waiver, then your counselor should be able to sign off on this automatically. If not, then you may have to provide proof to your counselor that you qualify. As mentioned above, many schools use the honor system. As long as your counselor approves, you should be all set. If, for some reason, your school wants to see proof or has decided to deny your fee waiver request (rare), then they will contact you. If you don’t hear from them, then everything should be good to go. If your schoolsrequest a hard copy, then they may accept a number of forms. The easiest would be a College Board fee waiver form, which you’ll get automatically if you already took the SAT with a fee waiver. If you didn’t, then you can access other similar forms. I’ll describe the different options below, starting with College Board’s application fee waivers. Scenario 2: You Took the SAT or SAT Subject Tests With a Fee Waiver Maybe you need to send proof of your Common Application fee waiver eligibility to acollege. Or maybe you’re applying to a college that doesn’t use the Common App, like a school in the University of Texas or University of California system. For whatever reason, you need a college fee waiver form. If you took the SAT or one or more SAT Subject Tests with a fee waiver, then you’ll automatically get four collegefee waivers from College Board. These college app fee waivers will become available through your College Board account. You just have to log in and click on â€Å"Apply to college for free.† Once there, you can access and, if your college requests it, print out and send your fee waivers.If you took the SAT as a senior, then you’ll be able to access these waivers when your scores become available. If you took the SAT as a junior, then you’ll have to wait until the fall of senior year. Now, you may be thinking that you want to apply to more than four colleges. Can you get more fee waivers? Sometimes four just isn't enough. What If You Want to Apply to More than Four Colleges? Both College Board and the National Association for College Admission Counseling (NACAC), which also offers a waiver form,recommend that you limit the use of their college fee waivers to no more than four schools. However, if you’re applying to non-Common App schools and only have four fee waivers from College Board, then you may try using a different fee waiver form or askingthe colleges themselves. For instance, you could use your four College Board forms and another four NACAC forms, for a total of 8 free applications. As most of this process is done on the honor system with your counselor as the gatekeeper, there doesn’t seem to be a strict cutoff. Four fee waivers per organization is a suggestion, but not a fixed or enforced rule. Plus, you can use one type of form for one college and another for a different college. You also may need to use alternativeforms if you didn’t take the SAT and thus didn’t get any College Board waivers. Let’s take a look at what these alternative fee waiver forms are. Scenario 3: You Need Alternative Fee Waiver Forms Maybe you took the ACT, are applying to non-Common App schools, and/or are looking for extra fee waivers. There are a few other forms you can use, plus you can call up your admissions offices and ask for their advice (always recommended, as colleges like to set unique policies). Your first stop, though, should be your counselor’s office. Your counselor should have these forms, so you shouldn’t have to go tracking them down yourself. As mentioned above, you’ll have to get her signature of approval anyway. There are twomain forms she may distribute: the ACT waiver or NACAC waiver. A less common form that's sent directly to qualifying students is College Board's Realize Your College Potentialwaiver. They’re all pretty similar, but let’s break each of them down so you can see where to find them and how to use them. The ACT, Inc. Fee Waiver Unlike College Board, ACT, Inc. doesn’t automatically grant its test fee-waiving students with application fee waivers. In fact, it doesn’t advertise its fee waivers anywhere I can see on its website. However, it does have one that students and counselors can use - somewhat buried on page 39 of this ACT User Handbook for Educators. This form is like most of the others - it asks for your basic info, like name, address, and high school, as well as your and your school official’s (likely your counselor) signatures. You’ll also indicate the college to which you’re applying. While the form doesn’t clearlyspecify, it’s probably safe to assume that you should only use this form if you took the ACT and, of course, qualified for an ACT fee waiver. However, you’re not limited to this ACT waiver. You should use whichever form your counselor offers or college requires. The NACAC Fee Waiver NACAC provides a useful fee waiver request form, as well as a page of FAQs to help students. It’s similar to the Common App page and the ACT waiver. It asks for your basic info and asks you to specify an indicator of economic need. You’ll also need your counselor or designated school official to sign it. Any student can use this form, regardless of the admission test you took, but remember that NACAC recommends limiting your use of its fee waiver requests to four colleges. The Realize Your College Potential Fee Waiver The Realize Your College Potentialfee waiver, which comes from College Board, is a bit less accessible than the other two. Students who are in the top 10-15% of their class and the bottom 33% of the income distribution (roughly $40K–$50K and below) will receive Realize Your College Potential packets from College Board with college planning, scholarship, and fee waiver information. Each student will get a personalized packet with her own unique code. If you received one of these, then you can log in and access your fee waivers on the RYCP website. If you didn’t receive this packet, then your best bet for external forms that you can easily access yourself is the one offered by NACAC. Again, your counselor should give you these forms, so check with her about what steps you should take before worrying about obtaining them yourself! Individual Colleges’ Fee Waivers For most students in most scenarios, these forms, or a combination of them, should work to get their application fees waived. However, there are always unique circumstances that stand outside of the typical process. If you still have questions, you should contact the admissions offices of your prospective colleges. Find out if they accept fee waivers and, if so, if they prefer a specific form or simply a letter. Some may suggest that you write and send or fax a letter of request. Harvard, for instance, accepts College Board and NACAC forms, but also welcomes a letter if you can’t obtain those forms for some reason. Its admission office says, â€Å"If you are unable to obtain these forms, you may have your guidance counselor or school official send us a letter requesting a fee waiver based on financial hardship. You may also write this letter yourself, and have it signed by a school official. Fee waiver requests may be faxed to 617-496-3229, or mailed to our office.† Regardless of the form you use, the requirements are essentially the same: each form represents a request and asks for your basic info, signature, counselor’s signature, and an indicator of economic need. Rarely do you have to provide supporting documentation, but you must have it on hand just in case. Now that you have a sense of which fee waivers to use and how to get them, is there anything else you need to know about how to use them? Don't worry, many colleges don't even ask to see your fee waiver! How Do You Use College Application Fee Waivers? We touched on this briefly, but let’s review how tosubmit application fee waivers whether you’re using the Common App, a College Board waiver, or a different form. How to Use Common App Fee Waivers If you’re applying through the Common App, all you have to do is indicate that you’ll be using a fee waiver on your profile page, as pictured above, and indicate your reason. Your counselor will be prompted to approve your request. If you already got an SAT or ACT fee waiver, then you shouldn’t have to do anything else, since your counselor will have already double checked your eligibility. If you didn’t, then you may need to provide her with some supporting documentation, like proof of income eligibility. All Common App schools should accept fee waiver requests.As Cornell says, "The Common Application will automatically send your fee waiver request to your high school counselor for confirmation. No additional documentation is needed after your counselor has approved your request." Many colleges share this stance, though they reserve the right to ask for more info if they deem it necessary.If you hear from a college requesting more information, then you may have to fax or send your fee waiver form or whatever else they ask for. How to Use College Board Waivers Your College Board fee waivers, whether you obtain them through your online account or from a Realize Your College Potential packet, will have a personalized code for you. If you’re applying to a school that’s not on the Common App, then it will likely ask you to enter this code or upload a scanned copy of your waiver within its online application. If you used an SAT fee waiver, then you should be familiar with this process. SAT registration also involves entering your personalized fee waiver code. If you’re applying by mail or if the college asks for an original hard copy, then you’ll want to send this signed form along with your application. How to Use Other Fee Waiver Forms If you’re using an NACAC or ACT, Inc form for non-Common App schools, then you won't get a personalized code. In most cases, you'll be asked toupload a scanned copy of the signed form into your application.Again, if you’re applying by mail or the school wants an original hard copy, then you should mail this form. If the school needs any more information, then it will contact you and let you know. To prepare for this possibility at a non-Common App school, you should give them a call and ask about the process.A fewcolleges, like manyin the California State system, only accept requests from in-state residents. There are over 2,000 colleges that approve fee waiver requests - you just have to figure out how your prospective colleges want you to submit your request. Everyone’s paths to college are different. Similarly, there are several different options for requesting application fee waivers, some straightforward, and others a little more complicated. To make sure you’ve got your bases covered, let’s summarizethe most important things to remember for students who want to waive the fees for applying to college. What to Remember About College Application Fee Waivers If and only if you’re eligible, you can get your college application fees waived. All of these college fee waiver forms constitute requests - ultimately, it’s up to your colleges to approve your request. For most schools, you shouldn’t run into any roadblocks. It’s probably safe to say most colleges welcome as many applications as they can get. The more applications they get, the more selective they can appear to be! The eligibility guidelines are much the same as for SAT and ACT fee waivers, the most common being a certain yearly family income and/or being part of the Federal Free or Reduced Lunch program. If you already got a testing fee waiver, then your counselor can approve your college app request without any further input from you. If not, then you may have to show her some document that proves your eligibility. Common Application schools offer the easiest process. For schools not on the Common App, you may need toenter your code and/orupload, fax, or mailyour College Board, ACT, or NACAC fee waiver forms. A handful of schools only approve in-state residents’ requests, so do the research on your prospective colleges. If all else fails, simply send a request, signed by yourself and your counselor, to your college. Mail or fax this letter, and, if you don’t hear back from your college, give them a call and ask if it was accepted. While organizations emphasize that they only want you to use four fee waivers, you can use more from alternative sources if you’re eligible. Just make sure you’re using them for schools that you’d really like to attend. Of course, all the colleges to which you apply should be ones that you’d really like to attend! Hopefully, fee waivers remove anyfinancial hardship standing in the way of your applications to your favorite colleges. What's Next? Another hugestep in college financial planning has to do with financial aid. Check out this guide that breaks downall the steps you need to take to apply for various kinds of financial aid. You can also learn in depth about preparing your FAFSA application. If you're still picking out your colleges, you may be considering tuition cost as a factor. Check out these 27 colleges that offer the best financial aid! Remember to apply for scholarships as well! Our list of the easiest scholarships to apply foris a great place to start.

See Below week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See Below week 6 - Essay Example or the hypothesis test to take place.one of the scenario s where the t statistics is used is when a researcher wants to know whether or a treatment for a certain ailment administered by doctors can cause a change in a population mean. First, a sample from the population is obtained and treatment is administered. If the results from this sample population do not tally with those of the original population, then the investigator can conclude that the treatment actually has a significant effect. The difference between the actual mean and the sample mean indicates that the hypothesized value of ÃŽ ¼ should be rejected. The main goal of this hypothesis test to the researcher is actually to evaluate the significance of the observable difference between the original sample mean and the population mean.it would be wrong of we make an assumption that the significant effect is large since the treatment effect is partly determined by size of the sample and partly by the size of the effect. It is therefore recommendable that a measure of effect of size be computed along with the assumption test. After completing the t statistic, there will be formation of a ratio. The top part of the ratio indicates the obtained difference between the sample mean and the hypothesized population mean. The bottom of the ratio is the typical error which measures how much variance is expected by accidental. Finally, the movie would be more captivating by including mathematical calculations for better